Program Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Program Evaluation - Research Paper Example eir programs strengths and weaknesses, provide recommendation for improvement and opportunities to excel in providing an excellent, safe and healthy environment for all. Their quality of doing business and quality of providing a safe and healthy environment for their workers and their customer alike would be evaluated in this report. Keywords: Procter & Gamble – P&G, Occupational Safety and Health Association – OSHA, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – NIOSH, Health, Safety & Environmental – HS&E, Fast moving consumer goods – FMCG, policies, employee safety, product safety. Procter & Gamble (P&G) is a globally recognized name of a multinational FMCG company. Fortune Magazine has given it a ranking of No. 6 amongst the â€Å"Global Most Admired Companies†, further it ranks No. 2 among â€Å"Top Companies for Leaders†. Bloomberg Businessweek has ranked P&G as No. 12 amongst the â€Å"World’s Most Innovative Companies†. When it comes to sustainability it is amongst the top ranks from 2000 to 2010 consecutively at the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes and in 2011 it ranked No. 13 as the â€Å"Most Sustainable Corporations in the World† (www.Pg.com, 2011). P&G takes pride in it diverse workforce which lay standards for its unique culture and has been a source of its recognition and success. P&G seeks to be the best consumer products and services company in the world. P&G’s current Safety and Health policy includes having safe and healthy operations around the world, protecting the life and health of its employees and surrounding communities, protecting its assets, ensuring business continuity and engenders public trust (P&G, 2009). P&G’s Environmental Quality Policy states that they strive to improve the environmental quality of their products, packaging and operations globally. As per their Environmental Quality Policy P&G has always strive to achieve clean, safe and incident free operations at all of its globally spread

Strategic Corporate Development History Of Cadbury Marketing Essay

Strategic Corporate Development History Of Cadbury Marketing Essay Strategic management is the dynamic process of formulation, implementation, evaluation and control of strategies to realize the organizations strategic intent. Strategic management is a dynamic process. In this particular course work of strategic planning module the company which I have selected is Cadbury India, a company with a great marketing structure, strategic planning and with a strong value among the customers all over the globe. Company History Cadbury India The Company was incorporated on 19th July 1948, as a private limited company under the name of Cadbury-Fry (India) Private Limited and commences business soon thereafter. Gradually the Company undertook at its own cost and responsibility the development of cocoa growing in the country. A specialist cocoa advisory service was created. A cocoa research centre was also created together with seeding nurseries and distribution centers. Through its subsidiary, Induri Farm Ltd., the Company had set up facilities near Pune to breed cattle that would give improved yield of milk at economic feeding costs. Strategic Corporate Development History of Cadbury Inc . 1919 undertook a merger with J. S. Fry Sons, another chocolate manufacturer which saw the integration of well-known brands such as Frys Chocolate Cream and Frys Turkish Delight Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969 Cadbury Schweppes went on to acquire Sunkist, Canada Dry, Typhoo Tea and more. In the US, Schweppes Beverages was created and the manufactures of Cadbury confectionery brands were licensed to Hersheys. Triarc sold Snapple, Mistic and Stewarts (formerly Cable Car Beverage) to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45  billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business. The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr. Pepper Snapple Group Inc. In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries. In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for  £58million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees. On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for  £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at  £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a global confectionery leader, had to borrow  £7  billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. These are the main strategic developments, which took place within Cadbury Inc. till now. Cadbury Inc has taken major strategic decision throughout their operations but at the end it is being taken over by Krafts. Above-mentioned are the strategic developments of Cadbury Inc. Cadbury India has applied both Corporate-Level Strategies as well as Business-Level Strategies. Corporate-Level Strategies and business-Level Strategies of Cadbury India Introduction of new product-line named Star and Gems chocolates in 1967 and 1968 respectively. After the conversion of Cadbury India from private limited company to public limited company on 11th June in 1977, an agreement was entered into with Cadbury Overseas Ltd., (COL) U.K., on 3rd May1977, for technical services concerning new products and processes. Cadbury India entered into an agreement with CSOL for the grant of a license for continued use of the word `Cadbury as part of the Companys corporate name. Industrial license for the apple juice project was received and the project was commissioned on 16th September, 1980. On 17th December 1982, the name of the Company was changed from Cadbury India Ltd. to Hindustan Cocoa Products Ltd., consequent to 60% of its shares being held by the Indian public. In 1985, Cadbury India explored the possibilities of entering into the business of software export. In 1987, in chocolate group, the Company launched new products such as `Crackle, `Orange, `Strawberry Krisp, `Mello, and `Wildlife bar. In the foods drinks, the Cadbury India launched `Choc O Cheer. In 1988, the Chocolate division introduced some more new products to upper and lower ends of the market. In the food drinks area, a higher protein drink under the brand name `Enriche was successfully introduced. The Company diversified into ice-cream market and a product under the Brand name `Dollops. With effect from 18th July 1993, the Companys Ice Cream business comprising manufacturing arrangements with two well known brands Dollops Lopstop was transferred to Brooke Bond India Ltd. for a consideration of Rs 1062.65 lakhs and an assurance from the company to Brooke Bond that they would not make or sell Ice creams for a period of 8 years. In 1994, The Company undertook a modernization and rationalization programme at its Malanpur factory at a cost of Rs 40 crores. In 1995, Perk was launched from its Malanpur plant. Towards the end of1996, the Company has launched a new range of sugar confectionery, `Googly, a trangy, fizzy fruit flavored candy in Chennai under the brand name `Trebor. In 1997, Cadbury India Ltd has launched Truffle flavored soft centre moulded chocolate bar. The product was launched in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi during October with subsequent launches planned in Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and other mini-metros in a phased-manner in November. In 1997, Cadbury India launched its well-known beverage Bournvita in sachets. In 1999, Cadbury India Ltd has launched a new product, `Nice Cream, under its sugar confectioner business. The sugar candy has been launched only in Mumbai. In 2000, Cadburys has introduced Perk Slims, a slimmer version of the wafe. The Company has re-launched Perk, its chocolate-coated wafer; it has four new layers covered in Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate. Cadbury India Ltd. has launched a range of gift packs for Diwali. The Company had entered into a Memorandum of understanding on July 5th, to sell its immovable property at Colaba, Mumbai. Cadbury Schweppes Plc acquires 39.34% stake in its Indian subsidiary Cadbury India Ltd. Cadbury Schweppes Pcl developed a new phenomenon allowing its consumers to define its brand profile. Cadbury India tapping unconventional marketing channels like non-retail chains to drive their market expansion. In 2002, Cadburys buy out of Pfizers confectionary brand is expected to set a strong base in the oral gratification category. In 2003, Cadbury has roped in advertising firm called Lemon to handle creative for its products temptation and milt treat. Cadbury India has dropped Carat India and roped in Madison Media for the media planning and buying. Cadbury India tied up with BPL Mobile for SMS vending services. Thus, we can see from above almost all the corporate -level as well as Business-Level Strategies are adopted by Cadbury India to expand as well as to avoid mishaps. Cadbury India Cadbury India has used different strategies at different situation. They have under gone mergers and acquisition, buyouts, demergers, tie-ups, etc. Current Strategic Situation Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidy of Kraft Foods Inc. The combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury creates a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals. Cadbury India is currently the worlds No.1 confectionery and biscuit company. Cadbury India is the worlds second-largest food company with sales in approximately 160 countries. Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands in India are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations. In the Milk Food drinks segment Cadburys main product is Bournvitta the leading Malted Food Drink (MFD) in the country. Similarly, in the medicated candy category Halls is the undisputed leader. Recently, Cadbury entered the gums category with the launch of our worldwide dominant bubble gumbrandBubbaloo. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Cadbury conduct farmers meetings seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. These efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. The strategies, which Cadbury follows, include: Build a high performing organization Reframe our categories Exploit our sales capabilities Drive down costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without compromising quality Environmental activity of Cadbury: Cadbury India takes care of the environment and enriches the quality of lives of the communities through a variety of result-oriented programs. Cadbury aim to look after the health and safety of our people and minimize the environmental impact of our business around the world. Cadbury India is committed to growing community value around the world. For our employees, this is about making a difference in the community. Other successful strategies adapted by Cadbury to their brands include: The interactive campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for Best use of internet and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service, allowed students to check their exam results using their mobile service, and encouraged those who passed their examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury Bytes is targeted at teens, as they are the largest consuming segment of packaged snack category. They are also the gateway to the family, especially for a new sweet snack. Cadbury Bytes is positioned as the only sweet snack in the world of salty snacks. Cadbury introduced Cadbury Bournvitta Quiz Contest, which started airing on April 12th 1972, is Indias longest running national school quiz contest. It was really a good strategy to boost-up the sales. The task was to get the youth audience to adopt Cadbury Dairy Milk in the sweet eating or muh meetha karna moments The campaign of Jab Pappu Pass Ho jaye, Kuch Meetha Ho jaye captured the thought of celebrating a moment of delight with Dairy Milk A campaign was built around the idea of how pappu celebrated passing his exams with Dairy Milk A multi-media campaign was launched on TV, Internet, Radio and Outdoor The key was how do own the moment of pappu passing his exams in the media space An innovative tie -up with Reliance web world was executed, wherein students across 66 examination boards across the company could access their results on Reword through their Reliance mobiles. If they passed a message congratulating them on their moment of delight from Dairy Milk was displayed We can see that how Cadbury India has managed and implemented their strategies over a period of time. The company has undergone various strategies like digitalization, various innovation were made to improve their products. Apart from that, they have introduced various products with good features and promoted them with the latest mode of promotion activities. It has been seen that one of the most important strategy at corporate-level was to launch products with innovation and their market strategies like campaigning. It was the trend with Cadbury, which has seen in the past decade. Moreover, in the present situation the company has underwent a turnaround strategy. It has been acquired by another company in Feb 2010 by Kraft Food. At present, it is fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Food. The company has made efficient use of internal and external sources their internal and sources are: Internal Sources: Employees: Employee of Cadbury India were well dedicated to their work and based upon their work only the company has reached to maximum height. In the same way the company has also provided ways and means to satisfy their employees. Employee retrenchment was very low in Cadbury India. Information System: Cadbury has a very good information system adopted. Later, they introduced digitalisation. Finance: the products produced by the company were in great demand that it generated large sales to the company, which helped in increased revenue for the firm. Marketing: The Company adopted various marketing techniques for the promotion of its products like campaigning, conducting contests in schools etc. Operations: In 1994, the company introduced rationalization and modernisation programmes. External Sources: Economic : The economic environment of Cadbury India includes the economic conditions like growth of company in India. Cadbury has very efficiently utilized the economic advantages. Market: The products of Cadbury India have been very efficiently targeted based upon the feature of the product. Cadbury India focused almost all the age group International: Cadbury has their branches in almost most all the countries. They adopted various international strategies like business alliance, mergers etc. To have international access. Technology: More and more efforts were being made to have technological advancement in their products. More or less, they have succeeded in delivering quality products like Cadbury milk chocolate, Bournvitta Energy Drink etc. Social: Cadbury India has undertaken various Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes, which has helped the society. As a part of their social activity, the company has constructed check water dam to store water. Cadbury India is committed to growing community value around the world. Conclusion Thus, we can say that Cadbury India has undergone various Corporate and Business-Level strategies to boost up their activities in almost all the spheres, both internal and external. They have strived a lot to attain the best position in the world. They have attained this with the strategies, which they followed in timely basis. They adopted various measures to face the competition. At last, they could not stop the hostile acquisition from Kraft Food Corporation. It was then with mutual understanding and agreement were converted into a mutual takeover by Kraft Food Corporation. At present Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Food. Again, the company should think of various other strategies, learning from the past pitfalls made. They should adopt various other strategies both in Corporate -level as well as in Business-Level. They should try to develop their RD and should come up with new products with greater level of innovation. Consumers need value to the product. Thus, Cadbury India should strive to attain maximum value to their products with reasonable cost targeting almost the entire community as a whole. The company should develop more and more community welfare programmes to improvise community growth as well. They should undertake programmes to develop the nation of the world. Cadbury India should try to concentrate on their strengths to face the threats and should work on their weaknesses to capture the opportunities that are there in the external environment. For that the first steps is to have a SWOT analysis and move on as per the requirement. Strategic Direction for the future In 2006, Cadbury chocolate was linked to a salmonella outbreak, later paying a hefty fine over a leaking factory pipe that contaminated its products. The company suffered a loss of  £30 million. There product have been recalled. Cadbury was looking to re-jig its image and make some smart decisions to save money on resources. Green promises may not put to rest consumers fears of contaminated products. To face this situation, the company set certain targets that include: 50% reduction of net absolute carbon emissions by 2020 with a minimum of 30% from in-company actions. 10% reduction in packaging used per tonne of product and 25% in the more highly packaged seasonal and gifting items. Use more environmentally sustainable forms of packaging aim for 60% biodegradable, with 100% of secondary packaging being recyclable? All water scarce sites to have water reduction programmes in place. The Company worked on these targets efficiently, and to a certain extent, still Cadbury is the market leader in Chocolates and energy drinks like Bournvitta. The company has to go long way to handle this situation. Recently Kraft Food has acquired them. Even though they are the subsidiary of Kraft Food, they should try taking necessary steps to have necessary long-term strategies to improve their standard in the market and continue their leadership in the market. They should try to learn from their past, the mistake or the mishaps, which occurred to them and destroyed their reputation in the market. The first think, which the company should do, is to have a SWOT analysis. Strengths of Cadbury India Global Coverage: the company has maintained a global level in its operations and have a good market share. Quality Products: The company offers quality products to the consumers which is a strength to the company Personnels: The Company is having well Hard-Woking staffs with them who are indulged in their work with full enthusiasm. Information technology: The Company has adopted digitalisation, which will help in networking processes. This can be utilised as strength by the company to improvise their market entry in a new market. Innovations: The Company has made innovations in their products as well as their process to face competition. They have adopted rationalisation and modernisation in their operations. Value to customers: The Company is providing value to customers by various ways and means. Cadbury is providing various well-accepted brands. Cadbury Chocolate: Cadbury is blessed with the brand Cadbury Chocolate. Still it is the best choice among the customers. Cadbury Bournvitta: In beverage section, Cadbury is blessed with Cadbury Bournvitta, a energy during mostly liked by kids and moms. Weaknesses of Cadbury India Past out break of contamination: Cadbury has gone through an out break of contamination in their products. It caused a bad reputation among the consumers. Incurred loss: The Company has incurred loss and lost its stability for the past three years from 2007. Opportunities to Cadbury India Cadbury India can enter new markets with the help of proper market research With the available technology, Cadbury can bring up with new version of the existing products and can grab the opportunities in the market. Cadbury can adopt various innovations in the products like adding extra flavour etc. The company can come up with new product-line Threats to Cadbury India Competition is the mostly affected threat to Cadbury. Competitors like Nestle are also the largest manufacturers of confectionery items. So, Cadbury has to take appropriate steps to face the competitive situation Consumers dislike with regard to the past out break issues may become a threat in future. These are the major developmental strategies, which have been adopted by Cadbury India to meet the target for 2011. 3D forming chocolate increased investment we have made in innovation, marketing and sales Thermostatic food grade packaging Methods for producing microscopic aeration in candy to provide new textures and mouth feel. Healthy additions to hard candy Alternative ingredients to menthol Cadbury India has grabbed opportunies in the market by these ways. Apart from these innovative strategies, Cadbury India has to undergo various other international strategies to increase the market share. Following are the likely ways by which Cadbury can increase there market share: The company should analysis the competitors strategies, their capabilities and future goals. By analysing this, Cadbury will be able to re-think of their strategies, their future goals and the capabilities they posses. This will help them to re-frame their strategies, goals with the capabilities they have, if need. Cadbury India can have niche strategies. They can concentrate on one particular brand and create niche market with proper innovation and product improvement. They can have integrative Cost leadership and differentiation strategies. It is possible through providing the product at low cost with the help of technologies that enable differentiation through focus on niche segment. Cadbury can adopt focus strategy by identifying a narrow target in terms of markets and customers. The company can have restructuring strategies in certain areas where they feel are weak. Cadbury India should identify an area where the company is incurring loss. After identifying that particular area or brand, they can adopt divesting strategy to stop completely the area which is causing loss to the company The company should analyse the internal environment prevailing in the organisation and should find out the loopholes. After identifying the correct problem, proper rehabilitation should be made. If the company finds that every thing is fine in the organisation and the organisation is ready to go forward with the existing products and plan, then the organisation should adopt No-change strategy. The company can have tie-ups with companies who can provide better expertise in all respect. Cadbury as what they have done in the past can have business alliance with other companies to boost up the profits. By have strategic alliances Cadbury can enter new markets, reduce their manufacturing costs, develop new technologies and diffuse them. Cadbury can have Joint ventures to gain access to new business in order to have advantage like, shared risks, combined expertise and effective utilisation of resources available with in the joint venture. They can reduce the hurdles like import quotas, tariffs, nationalistic-political interests and cultural roadblocks. Cadbury can either acquire a company, which is in the same line of production to have the advantage of efficient production of products with the available expertise of both the companies, and innovative ideas and improved processes or the company can merge with another company and start a new business having the same products with innovations. In the first case, the company need to have investment and in the second case, the company need not to invest more. Conclusion A company can expand their business in corporate level as well as in business level by many ways. The company has to choose the best among the available strategies based on the resources they have and what is their actual need. They have clearly identify what is their need and how are they going to achieve those need keeping in mind the internal and external environment.

Childhood Obesity and Fast Food Essays -- Obesity in Children

In recent years there has been a growing epidemic of obesity, especially in America. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey posted on the Center for Disease Control website there are 12.5 million children from ages 2 through 19 that are obese. Many people are starting to complain that the commercials and ads for these restaurants are the result of such an incline in obesity. Although there have been current ad campaigns aiming at children to live a healthy life style there are still hundreds of advertisements that are putting restaurants in a sort of ultimatum position. Either restaurants change their advertisements or they improve their menus. In 1979 McDonalds debuted their world famous Happy Meals to the public. It included a hamburger, soft drink, French fries, and do not forget a toy, which the happy meals have become so famed for having. To this day McDonald's as well as Taco Bell, Burger King, and Wendy's all offer a kid's meal that accompanies a toy . Children of course don't seem to mind the free gift they receive with every meal; however parents are becoming enraged that the free toy is a lousy gimmick making kids unhealthy. Most of these advertisements use current children's movies and already existing toys. The ads are also not limited to games and prizes that are usually attached on the bag or box of the meal. Pretty much the more popular the toy the more likely children are going to ask their parents to buy the meal. Well some parents and advocates have had enough of the promotion of toys and have taken strides to no longer have toys in their child's meal. One county in particular, Santa Clara in California, has already started the movement to ban toys. In April of 2010 6 county officials vo... ...move.gov/ ? About McDonalds_2011. McDonald's Corporation. Web. 26 Apr 13 2011 http://www. aboutmcdonalds .com/ mcd Fast Food facts_2011. Rudd Center. Web. 26 Apr 2011 http://fastfoodmarketing.org/ ? 10 Webley, Kayla. "A Brief History of McDonald's Happy Meal-TIME." Fri. 30 Apr 2010 5 Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews-TIME.com. Web. 27 Apr 2011. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599, 1986073,00.html 4 "Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Childhood: Data |DNPAO| CDC." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 27 Apr. 2011 http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/ data .html 9 "san Francisco Bans The Happy Meal." Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. 2 Jan. 2011. 27 Apr. 2011. 8 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/02/san-francisco-happy-meal-ban- mcdonalds_n_777939.html

Crowdsourcing at AOL Essay

1. Is crowdsourcing, as used by AOL, a form of outsourcing? Why or why not? In a way yes because the work is †outsourced† to workers outside the company itself. The tasks are not done by companies employees instead the tasks are put on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and half a milion workers that are registered there could read about the tasks and decide if they wanted to perform them. Outsourcig means that the purchase of a god or service that was previously provided internally or that could be provided internally, but is now provided by outsource vendors. This is basicly the case with AOL, they could hire personell to perform the tasks but instead they †hired† workers outside the company and that is why it is a kind of outsourcing. 2. What steps do you think Maloney might have taken to ensure that the crowdsourcing would be success for the inventory project?7 Maloney broke the large job into micro tasks and described the tasks that needed to be done. Each worker was also asked to find webpages containing a video and identify the video ´s source and location of those pages. 3. What factors should be considered when desiding whether or not to crowdsource a particular part of a business? A couple of factors should be considered when deciding to crowdsource. One of the factors is the economy itself. As mentioned in question 4, crowdsourcing is usually much cheaper then hiring a professionall to do the tasks for your company, and also you pay when the task is done and take the best option. Hiring a full time professionall or professionalls with special skills can be very expensive and you might not need them for a long period and you also need to manage them. 4. Describe the advantages of crowdsourcing. Advantages: Main advantages of crowdsourcing is that is fairly low price comparing to the proce for hiring a dedicated professional. Also the high number of people who are ready to work for you anytime. You also dont need to envise tasks to be done, instead you get the finished form and then pay for the best option. Disadvantages: Cheap labor results less credible product compared to professionals. Also there is no contract in most crowdsourcing cases which  means that workers can run anytime they want, and your design might be reused in anytime. Also there is some critics that are saying that crowdsourcing can lead to †digital sweatshops† where workers work long days with little pay and no benefits and workers might also be underaged. You dont really know who is working for you.

Compare and Contrast of the The Shang-Zhou River Valley and Egypt

Egypt and the Shang-Zhou Dynasty were both powerful and influential civilization who faced similar ideas in their government, and defense strategies, but differed when it came to cultural rituals, and the use of natural resources.A solid form of government is essential to any civilization, and although Egypt and Shang-Zhou were both successful, they both used different and similar methods to conform to their religious and social standards.Egypt used a Pharaoh as their king, which they claim the pharaoh was sent from a god in order to maintain ma’at, the distinctive order of the universe. On the contrary, the Shang- Zhou Dynasty followed their own theory of the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven served as a foundation for the Chinese government for three thousand years, and was used when a ruler had neglected his duties such as dishonoring gods, expressing tyranny, or ignoring warning signs of disasters; heaven could remover this â€Å"mandate† and put it in the po ssession of a more worthy ruler or family.After a ruler has fulfilled their duties and depart the physical world, both Egypt and the Shang-Zhou dynasty honor them in every way possible, however both have separate rituals and beliefs in how they should be honored. In Egypt, the Pharaoh is built a remarkable pyramid in which their body is mummified, and buried deep down in the structure. During the Shang-Zhou Dynasty, the royal family and the elite families were not buried in a pyramid, but rather in tombs with many of possessions they might need in the afterlife.To run a successful government, there has to be order and record keeping to keep from conflict and having all property, belongings, etc. needs to be officially stated. The Egyptians developed their own writing, known as hieroglyphics, on papyrus to records all their statements. Instead of hieroglyphics and papyrus, the Shang-Zhou also developed their own writing of symbols which they wrote on oracle bones to keep order in the ir society. A significant connection between the two is that both civilizations were a theocracy because they both believed that their leader was divine and the closest to God. Both Egypt and the Shang-Zhou Dynasty shared the idea of charging taxes in exchange for landowning and service in the military.Charging taxes influenced many civilizations because in order to be a resident, some sort of service or duty had to be given in exchange. In retrospect, Egypt and the Shang-Zhou dynasty both shared similarities in their government which helped them grow as a large, powerful society, but also varied in some methods mostly because of religion beliefs.Environment plays an intense role in any region of the world because it determines the lifestyle for how that civilization will prosper over time. Being located in Africa, near the equator, Egypt has the consistent face of a hot, dry, and sunny climate. The Shang-Zhou dynasty territory is located  east of Africa and slightly towards the n orth. Therefore, Southern China gets heavy rainfall due to the monsoons in India and surrounding areas, and the northern part of China gets rainfall as well, but is inconsistent. Being that China gets a fair amount of rain, most of their agriculture is dependent on that rainfall. Instead of depending on rainfall, Egypt is primarily dependent on the Nile River which is the longest river and provides the best source of irrigation.A benefit to both the Shang-Zhou Dynasty and Egypt is that they both are in some way surrounded by natural barriers which serve as a mechanism for defense. Egypt has the Nile River which makes it difficult for invaders to get across to attack. The Shang-Zhou area has the Himalaya mountain range to the southwest, the Pamir and Tian Mountains and the Takla Makan Desert to the west, as well as the major rivers, the Yellow and the Yangtze, to also help to protect their society. Natural barriers are a huge advantage and blessing because they can distinctively mark territories as well as serve each civilization in a way as to help them advanced and develop while lowering the likelihood of getting attacked and weakening a civilization.The natural elements are what make a society capable of flourishing and both Egypt and the Shang-Zhou Dynasty used all of their resources to their advantage to prosgress into a sophisticated and highly respected culture and society.

Conjugating Apparaître (to Appear)

Conjugating Apparaà ®tre (to Appear) As you learn French, you quickly come to understand that the conjugating of verbs is a major part of the language. Its important to learn how to do this and verbs like  apparaà ®tre  are good practice for your studies. Meaning to appear,  apparaà ®tre  is an irregular verb so it can be a bit tricky. This lesson will show you how to conjugate it. Conjugating the French Verb  Apparaà ®tre There are times when conjugating French verbs is easy and times when its a little tougher.  Apparaà ®tre  falls into the latter category because it does not follow the patterns of regular verbs. Yet, there is a pattern here and it follows through with almost all other  French verbs ending  in  -aà ®tre.  This means that once you study  apparaà ®tre, you can move on to similar irregular verbs. When conjugating  apparaà ®tre, you will need to match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense needed for the sentence. This chart will help with that. For instance, to translate I appear, you will say japparais or for we will appear, you will use nous apparaà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' apparais apparaà ®trai apparaissais tu apparais apparaà ®tras apparaissais il apparaà ®t apparaà ®tra apparaissait nous apparaissons apparaà ®trons apparaissions vous apparaissez apparaà ®trez apparaissiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®tront apparaissaient The Present Participle of  Apparaà ®tre   When you give  apparaà ®tre  an -ant  ending, you will be using the present participle. It can be used as a verb, but also an adjective, gerund, and noun when needed.  The  present participle  of  apparaà ®tre is  apparaissant.   The Past Tense of  Apparaà ®tre   You can use the imperfect to express having appeared in the past, but its more common (and easier) to use the  passà © composà ©. This allows you to use a single past participle for every subject, no matter if its I appeared or we appeared. The catch to this is that you have to conjugate and use the  auxiliary verb  for apparaà ®tre, which is  avoir.  The  past participle  of apparaà ®tre  is  apparu. To put these together, you will say jai  apparu for I appeared. More Conjugations of  Apparaà ®tre   Those are not the only conjugations associated with  apparaà ®tre. While you should be aware of them, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. The subjunctive and conditional forms of  apparaà ®tre  are a little more important. You will use the subjunctive when the verb mood implies uncertainty and the conditional when it may or may not be depending on conditions. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' apparaisse apparaà ®trais apparus apparusse tu apparaisses apparaà ®trais apparus apparusses il apparaisse apparaà ®trait apparut apparà »t nous apparaissions apparaà ®trions apparà »mes apparussions vous apparaissiez apparaà ®triez apparà »tes apparussiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®traient apparurent apparussent The final conjugation for  apparaà ®tre  is the imperative. This verb mood allows you to drop the subject pronoun and use only the verb form. It applies to the  tu, nous,  and  vous  uses, so instead of nous apparaissons, you can just say apparaissons. Imperative (tu) apparais (nous) apparaissons (vous) apparaissez The Pattern to Conjugating -aà ®tre  Verbs With one exception, all  French verbs  that end in  -aà ®tre  are conjugated the same way as  apparaà ®tre.  Compare the conjugations above to those for  disparaà ®tre  (to disappear) and  paraà ®tre  (to seem) and you will see the similarities. These same rules apply to the following verbs: comparaà ®tre  - to appear in courtconnaà ®tre  - to know, be familiar withmà ©connaà ®tre  - to be unaware ofreconnaà ®tre  -  to recognizereparaà ®tre  - to reappeartransparaà ®tre  - to show through The exception to the pattern is  naà ®tre, which means to be born. You will have to memorize that one on its own.

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays Washington Irving Washington Irving was the first native American to succeed as a professional writer. He remains important as a pioneer in American humor and the development of the short story. Irving was greatly admired and imitated in the 19th century. Toward the end of his career, his reputation declined due to the sentimentality and excessive gentility of much of his work ("Irving" 479). Washington Irving's time spent in the Hudson Valley and abroad contributed to his writing of The Devil and Tom Walker, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle. Irving was born in New York City on April 3, 1783, the youngest of eleven children in a merchant family. Unlike his brothers, Irving did not attend nearby Columbia College, instead he was apprenticed in 1801 to a lawyer. In 1806, he passed the bar examination, but remained financially dependent on his family until the publication of The Sketch Book. In the meantime, Irving did odd jobs for the family as agent and lobbyist. It seems like he worked as little as possible, and for years pursued an amateur or semiprofessional interest in literature ("Irving" 479). In his free time, he read avidly and wandered when he could in the misty, rolling Hudson River valley, an area steeped in local folklore and legend that would serve as an inspiration for his later writings. ("Washington Irving" DISC) At nineteen, Mr. Irving began writing satirical letters under the pseudonym "Jonathan Oldstyle." He wrote to a newspaper owned by his brother Peter, named the New York Morning Chronicle. His first book, Salmagundi, was a collaboration with another brother, William and their friend James Kirke Paulding. This book satirized early New York theater and poked fun at the political, social, and cultural life of the city. Washington Irving's second book, A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, is narrated by the fictitious Diedrich Knickerbocker. This book is a comical, deliberately inaccurate account of New York's Dutch colonization ("Washington Irving" DISC). Knickerbocker History and the almost thirty parts of Irving's next critically acclaimed book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., show that his roots in New York and travels abroad gave him the basis for these works. The lively story of "The Devil and Tom Walker" is the story of Tom Walker, his termagant wife, and their separate confrontations with the devil. The New England folk tale is told with very little addition says Sara Rodes: Irving could have heard this tale in New York as well as in new England, for the general picture of the sharp "Yankee" represented by Tom Walker fitted well into the New Yorkers' idea of the new England character. Irving also uses the folk tradition as a base for his own imaginings rather than keeping close to the folk versions for the whole story. However, he always keeps much of the true folk spirit in his stories no matter how much he may add and romanticize. He often eliminates the roughness of the folk version but his folk lore is authentic and his use of it legitimate. (248) In this folk tale we see again that Mr. Irving has used his background to basically retell a story that he might have heard as a child. Also in, "The Devil and Tom Walker," which, despite its wildly improbable plot, foreshadows the best of Hawthornes's fictional exposure of Yankee shrewdness and Puritan hypocrisy (Ferguson 391). The Sketch Book, also contains the classic tale of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." This is the story of Ichabod Crane, which is from Hebrew meaning "inglorious," or literally, "without honor" (Bone 4). Ichabod's encounter with the Headless Horseman is the dramatic climax of the story. In the folktale of German origin Irving has once again transplanted the story to take places in the Hudson Valley of New York and achieved something more than the routine tale of suspense or the bizarre anecdote ("Irving" 480). His descriptions of Sleepy Hollow and the people were so realistic and homey that old timers of the lower Hudson River claimed to have known Brom Bones himself (Rodes 248). ". . . Irving is thoroughly capable of creating pure fiction form

Rid your Vocabulary of Business Slang!

Rid your Vocabulary of Business Slang! It’s a logical tendency to use business slang for workplace interactions- you’re seeing the same people and having the same meetings, so obvious clichà ©s creep in from time to time. Here are a bunch you should work to eliminate. â€Å"Drink the Kool-Aid†I’m guessing what you mean here is â€Å"convince† because even cults probably find this clichà © distasteful by this point.â€Å"Break down the silos†Are you a farmer trying to get your harvest consolidated? No? Find another metaphor.â€Å"It is what it is.†Gertrude Stein would say â€Å"There is no there there,† but this literally means nothing.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do more with less.†Double down on trite and add a dollop of vagueness for this one. Be specific! Be measurable! Be meaningful!â€Å"Tee it up.†Ah the sports metaphor. You’re not fooling anyone with that tiny putting green- this is work, not golf. Even â€Å"cue it up† is less contrived. Ditto: â⠂¬Å"Par for the course.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Take it offline.†Unless you’re having a conversation in an email you soon intend to continue   over the phone or in someone’s office (and remember to be precise about when), a meeting is not â€Å"online† so having a different meeting is not â€Å"offline†. Similarlyâ€Å"Let’s circle back†Ã‚  and â€Å"This is a hard stop†- say what you mean without resorting to dusty, imprecise phrases.â€Å"It’s a paradigm shift.†Do any of your employees know what a paradigm is? Are you really introducing a new model or pattern? If so, why not just introduce the new thing? This is a placeholder for a real idea.â€Å"We can’t boil the ocean.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.what? Why? Climate change concerns aside, how is this helpful? What insight is it meant to provoke?â€Å"Low-hanging fruit†If you were a customer, would you want to be visualized this way?  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Out of pocket†We pay for things out of our pockets because that’s where our wallets are. If what you mean is â€Å"out of office† or â€Å"unavailable†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦why wouldn’t you just say that?â€Å"Move the needle.†Are you a geologist? One who studies earthquakes?â€Å"Bite the bullet.†Think of retiring this one as your contribution to dismantling gun rhetoric in the United States. It refers to the practice of biting a bullet in lieu of having anesthesia during surgery. How is this something you want emulated in your workplace?â€Å"Run it up the flagpole.†Is it possible you mean â€Å"test† or â€Å"try out† or â€Å"send to a focus group? Would you actually learn anything from suspending your idea in the air? How many ways to wave are there, really?â€Å"On the cutting edge†I feel like The Sharper Image took this phrase down- even the newest most exciting technology isn’t really â€Å"on the cutting edge† anymore. "Think outside the box.†Yawn. Thinking inside the box would be more surprising than a corporate supervisor bringing this one out of mothballs.â€Å"Peel back the layers of the onion.†Maybe it’s getting close to lunch time, but either way swap this one out for â€Å"Take a closer look.† Delete â€Å"drill down,† â€Å"unpack,† and â€Å"double-click† from your repertoire too.â€Å"Synergize†This one makes me cringe because what you mean is â€Å"synthesize† with an overlay of technobabble.I’m making a separate category for phrases reality TV has murdered:â€Å"Don’t throw him/her under the bus.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Take it to the next level.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If/When push comes to shove.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m not here to make friends†(Okay, probably nobody says that last one at work but it’s my very favorite reality trope.)And lastly, the one I have the most personal investment in- stop using workplace â⠂¬Å"catchphrases† that have an offensive or appropriative meanings! My mom is one of two American Indian employees in her office, and still occasionally hears â€Å"Let’s pow-wow about this later† and â€Å"She really went off the rez.† You are having a meeting. A MEETING. You can tell because it’s in a conference room and not in a sacred ceremonial space accompanied by drumming and other traditional rituals. And as for â€Å"off the rez,†Ã‚   â€Å"going outside of expectations† is not the same as â€Å"escaping from the forced housing communities your people were driven to after years of exploitation and genocide,† if you really think about it.Also throw on this pile of outdated and offensive phrases, â€Å"indian giver,† â€Å"open the kimono,† â€Å"gypped,† â€Å"chink in the armor,† â€Å"peanut gallery.† If you don’t know why, look it up. Make your workplace communication meaningf ul.

My Christian Worldview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Christian Worldview - Research Paper Example Although other belief systems may differ significantly from Christian Theism, it is worth looking at the Christian worldview of life, human beings, right and wrong, human history, cosmos, and death in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the Christian worldview. According to the Bible, the prime reality is the omnipresent and infinite God who watches over the world from the high heavens. God is not only infinite, but also he is also personal in the sense that he communicates with man through prayers and he is an omniscient God. As revealed in the Holy Scriptures, God is the creator of the heavens and the earth, meaning that he has control over the entire universe (Ekstrand, 2008). No other place can one learn about the triune God except by reading the Holy Scriptures because he reveals himself to humans through the Bible. Owing to His transcendent nature, God is sovereign over all matter and living things and he uses his power for the goof of all. In essence, the Goodness of God is means to save humankind from his sins that have been deeply rooted in man since the days of Adam. Christianity takes the belief that only one omnipotent God exists and Hi works closely with His Angels for the good of all human beings. It implies that God ranks hu mankind above all other living and non-living things within the cosmos (Edwards, 2010).   When it comes to the nature of external reality, Deism and naturalism agree to some extent with the Christian worldview that God created the cosmos. Perhaps the major differences surface among various theisms when one analyzes the motive of God in creating the open space. As for Christianity, God created the universe out of nothing, meaning that he created the cosmos ‘ex nihilo.’ In as much as other belief systems would like to disagree with the Christian perspective, there is a reason to believe in Christianity since such belief systems derive vast

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Operation management - Essay Example Developing a competitive edge within the competing colleagues thereby requires detailed analyses of demographics of the surrounding environment, and most essentially, the nature of the existing competitors. Moreover, even if one is successful in from the onset, new competitors could intrude into the market and snatch away the existing/regular clients. Therefore, existing restaurants never hesitate adopting successful and unique competitive strategies from their competitors (Mack, 2013, p. 13). This research thereby examines and analyzes the diverse forms of competitive strategies employed by restaurants within Cardiff in order to maintain their market share within the competitive restaurant industry. In close relations, the paper drills deep into the performances or operations of the already established restaurants in Cardiff, through dependability, flexibility, speed, cost, and quality analysis. In its methodology of data collection and data analysis procedures, the paper explores s everal research journal databases available within the university’s system. It follows the screening for certified scholarly research articles, after which, the content analysis and taxonomy is employed in order to identify the prevailing trends within the restaurant industry. The Cardiff’s rising need for ready food for consumption by travelers, visitors, college students, and traders who move along with goods has simultaneously upraised an equal need for restaurant establishments within strategic social areas in order to meet the growing demand for food. Consequently, the establishment and/or increasing number of restaurants and/or food stores also creates a stiff competition within the restaurant industry. Therefore, every restaurant has the obligation of attaining competitive advantage in order to cope with challenges resulting from fellow competitors within the competitive market. In order to compete positively within the highly competitive market, Cardiff restaurants form

7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

7 - Research Paper Example In order to develop such a system, the software development team should make use of different design patterns because these patterns help them detect problems that arise during the development. It also provides an effective solution of problems (Martin, 2000). â€Å"In object oriented architectures, a design repeats the same structures over and over again. These repeating structures of design and architecture are known as design patterns† (Martin, 2000). Additionally, there are many design patterns that are used in different scenarios. In addition, each pattern is aimed at solving a specific problem (Hauck, 2014). The objective of this paper is to discuss the pattern that can be used for an automatic health monitoring system. In the scenario of an automatic health monitoring system the behavioral pattern is best suited because behavioral patterns are useful for supporting communication between different objects. In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are typical design patterns, which are required for identifying common communication patterns and connecting different objects. In this manner behavioral patterns are helpful in increasing flexibility in carrying out any sort of communication between objects. In fact, this pattern offers much greater flexibility than other patterns because this pattern allows software developers to decouple objects from each other. Due to this coupling and decoupling facilities, they can be easily configured to make dynamic algorithms and methods (Schatten, 2013; Morandi, et al., 2013). In the scenario of an automatic health monitoring system there are different objects, which have various relationships and can demonstrate different results in response to different inputs. The pattern that we will use for an automatic health monitoring system is known as behavioral pattern. The working of this pattern is discussed

Genetic Analytical Report. exmamine the postive & negative effects of Essay

Genetic Analytical Report. exmamine the postive & negative effects of providing patrents with information - Essay Example Awareness of the genetic predisposition to diseases will trigger the notion of taking pro-active measures to ensure health safety in the public. Cooperation and encouragement of the government of Australia are some of the most fundamental requirements of this notion. This research report will generate useful information for a common man as well as for the government of Australia to some extent who will be able to use this information to make informed decisions while making the policies regarding the promotion or restriction of disclosing the genetic predisposition to diseases to people. Researchers hold the consensus that human genetic predisposition is the cause of most chronic diseases. In a vast majority of cases, it takes more than a single defective gene to cause the disease. Nevertheless, this remains a fact that genetic component is the most fundamental causal factor in a lot of common diseases experienced in adulthood including schizophrenia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and several congenital malformations that include but are not limited to neural tube defects, cleft lip, and cleft palate. This has conventionally generated a consensus among the doctors that many individual genes play a little yet considerable role in predisposing a person to a particular condition of genetics. Despite that, identifying the genes causing a particular disease is a very cumbersome target to achieve. In order to determine and sequence such a gene, it is imperative that the scientists are able to tell a gene that is equipped with the predisposing power for a specific disorder from the others. This raises a question for the scientists whether going through such a tough process is worth it when the information has mixed effects on the life of the individual whose genes are being assessed. Telling an individual that he/she carries a certain gene that caused an awful disease in his/her parents can be very overwhelming and stressful for the individual. On the other hand, kn owledge of the existence of a dangerous gene and the likelihood of acquiring the disease in the future gets very alarming for the individual and he/she is able to take preventive measures in time. Thus, informing the individuals about their genetic predisposition to diseases has both positive and negative outcomes. This research paper is directed at identifying the potential pros and cons of letting the people know their genetic predisposition to diseases. 1.1   Background and recent findings   In order to perceive the way of portrayal of genetics and the scientists’ role in it, popular media has been studied a number of times by different researchers (Condit, Ofulue, & Sheedy 1998; Henderson and Kitzinger 1999, Conrad 2001, Petersen 2001, and Bubela & Caulfield 2004). Other researchers have conducted in-depth analysis of the published editorials and journal articles with a view to examining the way developments in genetics have conventionally been recorded by the clinici ans and past researchers and what role they have played in advancing the field of genetics (Cunningham-Burley & Amos 1999). Editorials are one of the most fundamental sources of information about the portrayal of genetics. â€Å"Published in peer-reviewed journals, editorials allow leaders of the research and clinical communities to provide commentary on developments in science and clinical practice†

Copy right issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Copy right issues - Assignment Example After this period, the teacher can only use it after a license has been obtained for its permanent inclusion into the teaching curriculum. When a teacher buys a CD and installs the interactive math software in all the computers in the classroom, it is a violation of copyrights. This is because software are also protected by the federal copyright laws, and educational facilities are not exempted. Installing the software in three different computers is the same as making duplicate copies of the product (CNI, 2014). Title 17 of the US Code clearly spells out that it is not legal to make duplicated copies without the permission of the copy right holder. Section 117 only gives permission for making backup copies. This implies that the teacher has violated the copy right laws (CNI, 2014). In this case, the student would not be violating copy right laws. This is due to the exception given to education facilities and scholars to use copyrighted materials without the permission of the owner under the Fair Use provision (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). This provision requires that the amount and the substantiality of the section used amounts to smoothing, which is taken to be fair in relation to the white piece. Since the student has decided to only use the soundtrack, which is a small quantity of the work in his academic work, it has no significant effect on the entire product (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). As such, no law has been violated. a. Yes, the teacher can distribute the pictures in word documents for the students. Display of visual images in a classroom is governed by the US Copyright Law, as well as the TEACH Act. Section 110(1) allows the use of the images for educational purposes, including through electronic courseware (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). b. This will depend on whether the teacher has received permission and license from the copyright holder.

Writing activities Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Writing activities - Article Example I agree with Pinker that the current political systems, technologies, and cultural changes have made the modern world less violent, and that these changes can be improved to reduce violence further; however, we cannot be complacent and we should continue resolving existing violence across the globe that persist because of greed for power and wealth and diverse prejudices and discriminations against different sectors/groups of society. I agree with Pinker that we live in a less violent time than in the past because the government is an effective form of authority in managing social and economic affairs. First, Pinker is right that having a centralized government enabled people to be more at peace with one another because an institution is managing diverse aspects of social affairs. He calls this centralization as the â€Å"consolidation of a patchwork of feudal territories into large kingdoms with centralized authority and an infrastructure of commerce† (190-191). If people feel safe to move around and to focus on developing their livelihoods, they are less likely to feel threatened and more likely to have social and economic stability. Second, the government organizes and facilitates trade and commerce, which is important to peace. The government creates laws and guidelines for businesses to promote economic progress and to protect economic interests. If anyone violates these laws and guidelines, the gover nment is the one who will punish the former. People do not need to do anything violent to protect their sources of income. Having a centralized government is essential to managing social and economic affairs for the interests of the collective. Apart from leading and supervising social and economic activities that promote peace, the government is a more reliable bringer of justice than when people used to do it on their own or through using militias. Definitely, the government is not perfect on this regard and many criminals go

Copy right issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Copy right issues - Assignment Example After this period, the teacher can only use it after a license has been obtained for its permanent inclusion into the teaching curriculum. When a teacher buys a CD and installs the interactive math software in all the computers in the classroom, it is a violation of copyrights. This is because software are also protected by the federal copyright laws, and educational facilities are not exempted. Installing the software in three different computers is the same as making duplicate copies of the product (CNI, 2014). Title 17 of the US Code clearly spells out that it is not legal to make duplicated copies without the permission of the copy right holder. Section 117 only gives permission for making backup copies. This implies that the teacher has violated the copy right laws (CNI, 2014). In this case, the student would not be violating copy right laws. This is due to the exception given to education facilities and scholars to use copyrighted materials without the permission of the owner under the Fair Use provision (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). This provision requires that the amount and the substantiality of the section used amounts to smoothing, which is taken to be fair in relation to the white piece. Since the student has decided to only use the soundtrack, which is a small quantity of the work in his academic work, it has no significant effect on the entire product (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). As such, no law has been violated. a. Yes, the teacher can distribute the pictures in word documents for the students. Display of visual images in a classroom is governed by the US Copyright Law, as well as the TEACH Act. Section 110(1) allows the use of the images for educational purposes, including through electronic courseware (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2013). b. This will depend on whether the teacher has received permission and license from the copyright holder.

Chemical Warfare in World War 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemical Warfare in World War 1 - Essay Example World War I saw the development of weapons, which were deadlier to a degree than had never before been expected. Among the deadliest weapons that had never been used before were the 420 mm guns, which the Germans used to bombard France from Liege, Belgium. This led the countries to look for developing deadlier weapons with the help of their intellectuals, as it was clear that weapons would greatly determine the countries that won the war. (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14). Therefore, as expected, deadlier weapons were developed by the countries. However, the deadliest and most inhumane of all the weapons developed was the poisonous gas, which was made by the German genius and Nobel laureate Fritz Haber (Bosco, Bosco & Bowman 38). Poisonous gas Prior to the World War I, several European countries including Germany, France and Britain had signed a treaty known as the Hague Convention on war on land in 1907 which forbid the use of poisonous gas in war. However, this did not deter the use of poi sonous gases in World War I (Stoltzenberg 151). Germany first used chemical weapons on British and Indian troops in 1914. Berlin was triggered to use chemical weapons after France had used on them. The chemical weapon used by the Germans was dianisidine chlorosulphonate, a chemical that causes irritation to the mucus membrane (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14). However, the use of chemical weapons, which lead to widespread outcry by the rest of the world, was by Fritz Haber. (Hilmas, Smart & Hill 14).

Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay

Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay Faierstein, Morris. Why do the Scribes Say That Elijah Must Come First? Journal of Biblical Literature. 100.1 (1981), pp. 75-86. Print. This resource would be vital for research as it looks at the controversy surrounding Elijahs accession to heaven and its meaning. It provides a different approach to the understanding of some of the most vital events surrounding Elijahs life. Penninger, Harold. Walking with God. New York: TEACH Services, Inc., 1996. Print. Elijahs story is well explored by the author of this book; Harold Penninger. Although the author discusses in depth the experiences of some of the icons in the Bible who, as the author puts it followed in the Gods footsteps, the Elijahs story is well explored in two parts; Part I and Part II giving the reader a vivid insight into his life and works (Penninger 51). The author stirs interest into this story by quoting important events both in the Old Testament and in the New Testament which would trigger any serious bible student to look into the life of Elijah. First, he quotes that he appeared in the New Testament during the transfiguration of Jesus, and secondly, Elijah is among the few people in the bible who were taken from this world before seeing death. Among other events surrounding Elijahs death, the writer looks into all including his miracles, his fight with King Ahab and the rise of Baal. Of the controversial aspects about Elijah, the writer points out the view of the bible students who view him as a prototype of john the Baptist. The description the bible gives regarding Elijah fits almost the same as the description given for John the baptism (Penninger 57). Part II of the Elijahs story gives mainly the encounters of Elijah and the Baal prophets and King Ahab. This book would be quite useful for anyone doing research work as it not only explores Elijahs life, but it is also provides a critical review raising important insights which might be useful for deeper understanding. Wood, Norman. Bible Characters for Your Weekly Bible Study. Virginia: Weekly Bible Study Resources. 2010. Web. This is a Christian website intended to help readers of the bible in bible study. It does not give an overview of Elijahs life or work but is rather specific to some aspects of his life. Although based on the bibles scriptures, this source gives wide information regarding Elijah and Elisha and some of the details from the historical books not necessarily included in the bible. It also explores other aspects of the Israel culture as mentioned in other scriptures which would be very beneficial for any reader seeking to understand the bible well (Wood  ¶ 21). For instance, Elisha asked for a double portion from Elijah as he was about to depart to heaven. This was according to the Israel traditions where the father gave the first born son double share of his possessions since he was supposed to be the successor as mentioned and elaborated earlier in Deuteronomy. This website reveals much about Elijahs relationship with Elisha and the events surrounding the succession of Elijahs work. The fact that this source mentions and quotes materials from other sources and other writers including published papers and journals like Christian Science Sentinel and Christian Science Journal makes it an ideal material for anyone doing research project on the topic (Wood  ¶ 21). It does not focus on merely exploring Elijahs work and life, but seeks to bring out the best understanding of Elijah as a person and as a prophet clearly interpreting all the mysteries and events surrounding his work. Elisha, being his successor is also mentioned and their interaction detailed clearly. The reader is not only gains explanations, but is also allowed to think, consider and challenged to reconsider his/her stand and understanding.

To Tell Or To Lie :: essays research papers

To Tell or to Lie Maral Frendjian For modern students, a training in rhetoric such as that offered by Gorgias is more preferable, rather than learning how to distinguish truth from falsehood. It is the art of forceful language, emphasizing figures of speech and focusing on devices for swaying and persuading an audience, that would be most beneficial for students lives today. Despite the fact that it is simply ornamented language to make a good facade, the rhetoric by Gorgias is necessary for the success of students, especially those who would like to "sell" their ideas, products or beliefs to the people (the larger population). In the world we live in, there are many ways of getting the things that we want. The way most people would like to believe that their accomplishments were achieved is through hard work and sweat. However, that is not how it works, because most people around the world lie to get things to go their way. A perfect example of a group of people that use the rhetoric are politicians. Politicians will say and do anything to convince the citizens that they are right, and that they will do all they promise to do, if you vote for him or her. They try to convince us all the time, and often succeed, that they will make changes. Just think about the many times we've heard, "If you vote for me, I will lower the taxes." Gorgias makes a very clear point regarding the power of the rhetoric. The following quote from Gorgias expresses the impact that rhetoric can have on those listening. I mean the ability to convince by means of speech a jury in a court of justice, members of the Council in their Chamber, voters at a meeting of the Assembly, and any other gathering of citizens whatever it may be. By the exercise of this ability you will have the doctor and the trainer as your slaves, and your man of business will turn out to be making money not for himself but for another; for you, in fact, who have the ability to speak and to convince the masses. (Gorgias, p.28 sec. 453) What Gorgias is saying in the preceding quote is about the amazing power of persuasion. He is saying that if you have the ability to convince, you have the power to sway anyone listening by your ideas. He demonstrates the diverse situations in which the "ability to convince" can help the persuader, by giving him the power so that the control will be in his or her hands. Convincing is not only a form of speech, it is a form of twisting the truth,

Subliminal Perception Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

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Tama Speed Cobra Pedals Review

Camco, DW and Ludwig have all produced such beasts, as has Japanese drum giant Tama. Its Iron Cobra pedal is truly a drum world icon, having been relied on by countless big-name artists on the world's biggest stages over many years. But now comes a new pretender in the form of the Speed Cobra, with features borrowed from its well-regarded older sibling and a host of innovative design tweaks to boot. Tama's tagline for the Speed Cobra is ‘Extreme Velocity, Serious Power'. As such the Speed Cobra's new features have two simple goals in common – to increase speed and to increase aggressive response. Tama points out that these two aims have traditionally been mutually exclusive, with fast pedals losing some power, and powerful models reacting slower than some would like. So what solutions do Tama offer? Well to start with, a quick overview of the features which the Speed Cobra shares with the Iron Cobra. Such things include the Oiles bearing hinge (as used in the aerospace industry no less), the patented Cobra Coil spring – which is located beneath the footboard to quickly return it to its default position after each stroke – and the Vari-Pitch beater holder that enables adjustment of the footboard link angle independently of the beater angle. To that already impressive mix, the Japanese company has added several significant new features. The first and most obvious of these is the ‘Fast Foot' footboard. Longer than on the Iron Cobra, the Fast Foot board is designed to increase speed of response but at the same time require less effort than previous designs. In addition, the face of the board is smooth to reduce friction, which Tama reckon will improve control. On top of this there's an impressive new bearing assembly in the shape of the Fastball bearing on the end of the drive shaft, a true round sprocket (which Tama have named, brilliantly, ‘LiteSprocket') that's evidently 40 percent lighter than the Iron Cobra's, and the new Projector Beater. The beater allows the choice of narrow or wide ‘striking surfaces' simply by changing the head angle – go for punchy, defined attack with the former or a fatter, fuller response with the latter. All this talk of new features (and we haven't touched on the chain drive's new Recessed Setting which increases the angle of attack for super speed and light action, nor the new ‘Super Spring', designed to offer less resistance at the beginning of the pedal stroke) has left us little space to discuss the actual build quality of the Speed Cobra. Fortunately, little space is required for this, as it is stunningly good. The Speed Cobra is beautifully engineered and does the Cobra name proud. If your eyebrows headed skyward at the number of clever feature names Tama has bestowed on the Speed Cobra, a word of warning. For sure, it's easy to dismiss ‘Speed Spring' or ‘LiteSprocket' as marketing waffle, but when pressed into action the Speed Cobra does a fantastic job of silencing the cynical. For starters it's an incredibly smooth-rolling pedal. An objective appraisal of the impact of the new bearing mechanisms, for example, is well out of the scope of a review like this, but subjectively it feels wonderful. .For metal drummers dishing out high-bpm double bass battery, the Speed Cobra could be your new best friend. But that's not to say Tama's newbie is a one-trick pony. It's so well-conceived and built – with the kind of near-endless adjustment that high-end pedals offer these days – that it could be pressed into service in any genre with aplomb.

PACCAR System Lab Essay

1. Why did PACCAR commit such a large amount of resources to electronic systems during the recession? PACCAR decided to commit such a large amount of resources to electronic systems during the recession because they knew it was something they needed to introduce in their company to stay competitive. It also would help their staff with smart technology as it relates to navigation and engine performance. PACCAR knew that with these upgraded systems they could both have better intelligence for their customers as well as better navigation and output readings for their drivers. Even though it was during a recession, PACCAR saw this as an opportunity to do some in house improvements. 2. What are the beneï ¬ ts of PACCAR’s new navigation system and diagnostic system to truck drivers? The benefits of PACCAR’s new navigation system and diagnostic system to truck drivers are abundant. With the new diagnostic system drivers can keep an eye on anything wrong with their truck and with new software updates to only add gauges, it seems like drivers will be able to see a small problem and fix it before it becomes a bigger problem. The new navigation system shows drivers heights of bridges, weight limits on bridges, rest stops, weigh stations, and anything else a driver may need. As we all know it is hard navigating somewhere you’ve never been before. With this navigation system the driver doesn’t have to worry about any height or weight issues because the system knows any restrictions. 3. What are the beneï ¬ ts to PACCAR of collaborating with outside companies in building new systems? Some benefits to PACCAR collaborating with outside companies in building new systems are that they have an already knowledgeable group working on the new systems and that they, in turn, get taught that knowledge and can take on  the responsibility of upkeep and updating the system after it has been integrated. When you are not an expertise in software development and things like that, trying to just do everything in house can be just as, if not more expensive as getting someone to do it that knows what they are doing. Not only that, but if you mess something up, you may not even realize it until it is way too late, causing more problems. Also what better way to learn then from watching and working with someone that is an expert in the field. By gaining all of that experience and know how, PACCAR can now create updates and fix issues on their own without having to outside consult anymore, unless it is necessary. 1. Describe the reasons that Hilton decided to collaborate with IT partners rather than develop its own information systems in house. Hilton decided to collaborate with IT partners rather than develop its own information systems in house because they knew what a huge undertaking developing its own information systems would be. Hilton had different business it needed to deal with and it had no real knowledge of the IT world, so it needed some help. We know it was a huge undertaking because they asked five different companies to run five different parts of their IT. This leaves Hilton the ability to run its business and not have to worry about things like IT. 2. What are the problems associated with collaborating with ï ¬ ve large strategic IT partners? Provide speciï ¬ c examples to support your answer. Some problems associated with collaborating with five large strategic IT partners would be each company has its own strategy. For example, IBM and Microsoft do a lot of the same things, so how does Hilton decide who runs what, or who has power to adjust things over the other. Does IBM run all the data collection and storage with its server knowledge or does Microsoft because Hilton is using their software. At the same time, all of this is done wirelessly, so when there is a problem, who do we contact? The network provider, who is AT&T, or the server provider IBM. It can get tricky, but I am sure Hilton has a team that sorts these type of problems out.

Critically discuss Michel Foucault’s concept of knowledge/power

In â€Å"The Order of Things† (1973) Michel Foucault describes an episteme as the combination of institutions, discourses, knowledges and practices that organise the way we do things, making some actions acceptable and others unthinkable. He also says these processes of organisation in society are generally invisible. Critically discuss Michel Foucault's concept of knowledge/power with reference to Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible. † Michel Foucault's is a theorist who demonstrates a modernist way of thinking. Based on one of David Morley's definitions of the postmodern phenomenon being â€Å"a form of cultural sensibility and a mode of thought, particularly appropriate to analyzing the period† (Morley: 1996, p. 50), Foucault could be considered a postmodernist and a poststructuralist. However, some may consider his earlier works, like The Order of Things, to be structuralist as it may have possibly reflected a lack of distinction at the time it was written and received. Rather than narrating the nature of reality, Foucault intended to give descriptions of a variety of structures of knowledge also referred to as episteme. Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible† explores issues that are parallel to Foucault's thoughts of power and knowledge, however, Miller uses actual historical events as the background for his modernist ideas. The concept of knowledge and power explored in Foucault's text The Order of Things can be critically analysed with reference to more contemporary work of Arthur Miller, allowing one to draw distinctions between Foucault's theories and the concepts of collective evil, personal conscience, guilt, love and redemption explored in the film. In The Order of Things, Foucault can give up the philosophy of the subject without depending on ideas from social issues in society, which, according to his own analysis, are confined the modern form of knowledge. Foucault had studied the form of knowledge that appears with the claim of rescuing the intelligible from everything empirical, accidental, and particular, and that becomes especially suitable as medium of power in particular on account of this â€Å"pretended separation of validity from genesis† (Kelly: 1995, p. 82). This lack of empiricism in Foucault's thoughts reflects a modernist way of thinking. The article â€Å"Conclusion: Speaking as Deputy Sheriff† by Osborne and Lewis, has evidence of a similar modernist approach to thinking and lack of empirical theories. It is less focused on the idea that what ever is true should be measured; instead it makes statements and develops an analysis based on sciences or theory. An example is when it suggests that â€Å"a more historically aware approach to thinking about communication in Australia would be a useful place to start† (Lewis & Osborne: 2001, p212). This modernist approach to thinking about knowledge determines â€Å"the ensemble of rules according to which the true and the false are separated and specific effects of power attached to the true† (Kelly: 1995, p. 82). At the beginning of The Order of Things, Foucault claims for a will that consists of truth for all times and all societies: â€Å"Every society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics' of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes it function as true. † This ideology is reflected in Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible† which is set in a small town, Salem. The entire village becomes consumed by certain beliefs and certain truths which include their indisputable faith in God and the existence of witches, witch craft and the devil. The Order of Things is the story of the â€Å"return of language† which explains the fundamental position of literature in our culture. Ours is a period in which language is taken to be at the source of all thought, and this is what highlights the importance of modernist writing. Language is â€Å"the strict unfolding of Western culture in accordance with the necessity it imposed upon itself at the beginning of the nineteenth century† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 3). The significance of language is also reflected in ‘The Crucible' when John Proctor refuses to sign a false confession, claiming â€Å"you can not take away my name†. He believed this would have happened by signing the confession onto paper, epitomising the impact that language has when printed on paper. In The Order of Things, Foucault paints a picture of modernist culture in which there is no character of man and science is no longer independent or universal. All scientific, aesthetic, and moral problems are reduced to problems of language, and languages have no warrant or foundation beyond themselves. Rajchman states that â€Å"Language becomes the limits of our being. It is only in transgressive writing that these limits are transcended; writers are the heroes of our age. This is a picture of what I call ‘post-Enlightenment literary culture. ‘† Many literary modernists, including Rajchman and Foucault, tell the story of how language had returned as the fundamental problem of our period, and our literacy culture which thus â€Å"finds itself† to be telling its own history. Foucault claims that â€Å"literature in our day†¦ s a phenomenon whose necessity has its roots in a vast configuration in which the whole structure of our thought and our knowledge is traced† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 25). In The Order of Things, it is clear that Foucault is hostile to the culture that reifies Man, and urges the reader to embrace the post-humanist age he foresees. Foucault rejects the traditional (Enlightenment) idea of progress and science, instead he constructs his history of knowledge with a lack of connection, and his literary history contains a hidden teleology giving way to immediate links to â€Å"The Crucible†. Stuart Hall and Bram Gieben describe the Enlightenment idea of progress as â€Å"the idea that the natural and social condition of human beings could be improved, by the application of science and reason† (Hall & Gieben: 1992, p. 22). â€Å". Both Miller and Foucault are modernist thinkers as they reject this Enlightenment concepts of progress, for example, the film â€Å"The Crucible† does not end with an improved social condition and happiness instead it comes to an abrupt end by the death of a central character and hero. In The Order of Things we find an attempt to â€Å"de-anthropologise† the concept of freedom. In â€Å"The Crucible†, John Proctor found freedom in the form of death. By not giving up his name in the confession he was condemned to be hung. However, his knowledge of what the real truth was allowed him to be free in his own sense of the word. This relates to Foucault's idea of power that he describes as â€Å"a way in which certain actions modify others† (O'Farrell: 1989, p. 119). But because of the freedom of the acting subjects, no matter what violence or seduction actions that make up power choose to exercise, the object of power can ultimately escape and refuse power even if only through death. This idea was taken from Foucault who said â€Å"the exercise of power may produce as much acceptance as may be wished for: it can pile up the dead and shelter itself behind whatever threats it can imagine. In itself the exercise of power is not violence; nor is it a consent which implicitly is renewable† (Foucault: 1977, p. 228). O'Farrell and Foucault's ideas are epitomized in the film ‘The Crucible', when John Proctor refused to sign the confession or in this case refused power, he was set free even if it were to be through death. These power relationships were then abolished once the subject was freed and hence there was no possible point of reversal hence the film was forced to an abrupt end. Foucault also believes there is no suspicion that our language, our work, and our bodies might determine the description of our actions and our world in ways we do not realise and can't change. However, there are many reasons why this theory should be questioned, an example existing in the film â€Å"The Crucible†. The young girls who were accused of witchery manifested power over their bodies and their language in order to convince the courts and an entire village of the existence of ‘their world' and the fact they could see the devil. All this was done in a quest to cover up their actions that was dancing naked around a fire in the forest. This idea creates a contradiction to Foucault's theory. However, Foucault also says that our problem becomes â€Å"not the possibility of knowledge but the possibility of a primary misunderstanding† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 13) which indeed was true in the case of the young girls of the film. In The Order Of Things, Foucault challenges new intellectual writings in regard to the change in utopian thought. In the classical period, utopia was the dream of an ideal beginning in which everything would perfectly fit into Tables of Representation. In Foucault's argument he states that â€Å"The great dream of an end of History is the utopia of casual systems of thought just as the dream of the world's beginnings was the utopia of the classifying systems of thoughts. In â€Å"The Crucible† the idea of witch craft challenges this world of utopia and one can question who has the authority to classify utopia, Miller or Foucault? Foucault's ideas challenge many of the ideas that run through â€Å"The Crucible† as he wishes not only to â€Å"de anthropologise† any nineteenth century utopian imaginations, dissociate our hopes of ever realising meaning and separate our freedom from philosophical theories about our nature. Much of Foucault's work is contradictory and this confuses anyone trying to analyse meaning in his writings. In The Order of Things he had looked at the way in which the human subject is defined through scientific discourse as a working, living, speaking individual (O'Leary: 2002, p. 59). However, Foucault deals with a collective and a great deal is to do with his unconscious ideas of perceptions; individuals play almost no role in his work. He is not concerned with the discoveries of scientists or other philosophers. However, it is difficult to imagine the human sciences without specific individuals. Thus, Foucault uses individuals such as Ricardo, Cuvier and Bopp in his work, however they â€Å"are not depicted as real people, no reference is made to their lives and little consideration is given to the controversies surrounding their ideas, since these issues are regarded as merely surface phenomena† (Spier: 1983, p. 166). As a result, the reliability of Foucault's work can be questioned because a crucial part of critical thinking and analysis when investigating other theorists work is their background and what may be the reasons behind their specific way of thinking. However, Foucault justifies himself explaining that he â€Å"tries to explore scientific discourse not from the point of view of the formal structures of what they are saying, but from the point of view of the rules that come into play in the very existence of such discourse† (Spier: 1983, p. 166). Spier raises an interesting critic of Foucault bringing his status as an author-subject into question. â€Å"If language rather than man speaks, as he claims, and if the statement â€Å"I am writing† is a contradiction comparable to â€Å"I am lying†, then who is the author of the order of things? (Spier: 1983, p. 167). This raises the question, is Foucault a universal voice of our time or is he merely speaking for himself. If he is speaking for himself as he suggests, then does he claim that what he is saying is a lie? Much of Foucault's work makes contradictory statements and thus is not necessarily reliable when looking for truths, instead his writing is the developing process of his thoughts and is often experimental so should be read with an open mind and thought about critically. Foucault's analyses may be regarded as a contribution to an understanding of the historical conditions of possibility of the human sciences and their social and political effects. The underlying connection within Foucault's work is the assessment of the relation between forms of rationality and forms of power, or of the relation between the emergence of particular forms of knowledge and the exercise of specific forms of power. Foucault believes that power is exercised upon the dominant as well as on the dominated and that there is a process of self-formation or auto-colonisation involved (Smart: 1983, p. 4). If we put this theory into practice within â€Å"The Crucible† one can suggest that Foucault's idea of power is quite naive. In â€Å"The Crucible† the young girls were from the dominant culture in Salem and exercised their power over the lower classes (or the dominated). However, there was no retaliation and so power was not exercised onto the girls (the dominant) in any case. Thus, Foucault theory is merely a generalisation and not appropriate as a rule on the whole. Power relations, Foucault claims are â€Å"‘intentional' and ‘non-subjective'†¦ They are imbued, through and through, with calculation: there is no power that is exercised without a series of aims and objectives† (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). This idea states that at the local level there is often a high degree of conscious decision making, planning and plotting. Foucault refers to this as the local cynicism of power (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). In â€Å"The Crucible† the young girls execute power over the village through their conscious actions to protect themselves, many were young and naive, and fear was driving them to accuse the innocent. Their actions would ultimately lead the execution of innocent and respected members of the town. Some of the elder girls such as the head Abigail knew very well of her actions and used strategically planned methods of power. The following phrase by Foucault epitomises power very accurately when in relation to these girls from â€Å"The Crucible†; â€Å"People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but don't know is what they do does† (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). This theory on power is an example of how both Foucault and Miller may have been influenced by other modernist thinkers such as Max Weber, a modernist thinker. He believed that power is the †chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a social action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action† (Max Weber, Basic Terms-The Fundamental Concepts of Sociology: 1942) In much of Foucault's writing there are seeming contradictions especially in this return to the traditional philosophic view or Enlightenment idea that description and interpretation ultimately must correspond to the way things really are. However, Foucault does admit to his somewhat unreal approach to writing. â€Å"I am fully aware that I have never written anything other than fiction. For all that, I would want to say that they were outside the truth. It seems plausible to me to make fictions work within truth, to introduce truth-effects within a fictional discourse†¦ † With this is mind one can say that Foucault's writing is still informative and helpful in its own right and reveals more about society and its practices than about ultimate reality. In The Order of Things, Foucault does describe an episteme as the combination of institutions, discourses, knowledge and practices that organise the way we do things, making some actions acceptable rather than unthinkable. In many ways Foucault's concepts of knowledge and power are contradictory to his own existing theories. While many of Foucault's ideas are parallel with Arthur Miller's film, â€Å"The Crucible†, some of his ideas reject Miller's way of thinking. This non-uniformity in Foucault's analysis can however be justified, because it is hard to believe that in any given culture and at any given moment, there is only one episteme that defines the possibility of all knowledge, power relations, the concepts of freedom and truth, whether it be in a theory or demonstrated in practice or action.